The second issue of the Journal of Social and Human Sciences for the year 2024 is being published, presenting a variety of research papers and studies that we have sought to ensure cover many areas of human knowledge. Within its pages, the esteemed reader will find a diversity of topics that meet their intellectual interests and needs. We hope that our readers will continue to engage with the journal’s board regarding the importance and value of such studies and research, so that we may reach higher levels of quality, which remain the primary goal and aspiration that the journal constantly strives to achieve. Despite the challenges that sometimes face the process of publishing this journal, our determination and insistence on ensuring its continuity motivates us to exert greater effort and persistent work, so that the scientific and intellectual radiance of this publication may continue to reach researchers, readers, and scientific and cultural institutions both at home and abroad. The success of this endeavor is closely tied to your participation with us.

Abstract

The research focuses on studying the multiplicity of meanings for a single word due to differences in letters or diacritical marks within the same word, as seen through the various Quranic readings, their interpretation, and the extent of their syntactic and semantic usage. The differences in Quranic readings have a significant and profound impact on enriching the language, grammar, morphology, semantics, and lexicography. The Quranic readings—both the widely accepted and rare ones—are rich in linguistic material. It may be beneficial for the enrichment of the language to gather the scattered rare readings from books of exegesis, jurisprudence, grammar, and lexicons and compile them into a dictionary for the benefit of students of knowledge. The readings are not exclusive to books of Quranic readings alone, but books of exegesis, jurisprudence, lexicons, and grammar are filled with explanations, analyses, and commentary on various readings, from which our scholars have deduced legal, linguistic, and other rulings. The multiplicity and variation of readings fall under the category of diversity, and all are valid, being part of the Quranic miracle. The verses relevant to this research have been compiled to the best of my ability and studied syntactically and semantically. Praise be to God for His guidance and facilitation.

Abstract

This study aims to shed light on national reconciliation in its clearest sense: a process of national consensus that establishes a relationship between political and societal parties based on tolerance, justice, and the removal of the effects of past conflicts, in order to achieve social justice among all segments of society, ensuring a proper democratic transition through specific contexts and a set of paths. National reconciliation is an inevitable outcome for countries suffering from fundamental differences or internal conflicts and is one of the most important elements of any political settlement... The correct path to achieving comprehensive national reconciliation in Libya requires adopting appropriate mechanisms of social justice; therefore, it is important to study national reconciliation alongside social justice.

Abstract

This paper examines the role of diplomacy as a key tool in implementing the foreign policy of states, serving as a peaceful and effective means to achieve national interests and enhance international relations. Despite the multiplicity of foreign policy instruments, diplomacy remains the most important in light of global interconnected interests and the impact of globalization and technological development. The paper studies the evolution of diplomacy through the ages, its various types such as cultural, preventive, public, and digital diplomacy, as well as its core functions including representation, negotiation, and the development of international relations. It also addresses the impact of diplomacy in resolving international crises and managing conflicts peacefully, contributing to global security and stability.

Abstract

This study, titled “Aspects of Well-being through Seeking Forgiveness: A Foundational Study from the Qur’an and Sunnah”, explores the comprehensive role of istighfār (seeking forgiveness) as a divine command that brings multiple dimensions of well-being to human life. Based on the Qur’an and the Sunnah, the research demonstrates that seeking forgiveness is not only a spiritual practice but also a means of attaining protection, relief, and blessings across religious, psychological, physical, social, environmental, and economic aspects of life. The paper highlights the linguistic and Shar‘ī meanings of istighfār, reviews its frequent mention in the Qur’an (234 times) and Hadith, and discusses its conditions, requirements, and preferred times. It also shows how istighfār is tied to divine mercy, acceptance of repentance, and the removal of calamities. Furthermore, the study emphasizes that unlike costly healthcare systems that focus only on diagnosis and treatment, istighfār provides a holistic approach to wellness by preventing afflictions and promoting inner peace and societal stability. Structured into four main sections—(1) the concept of istighfār in the Qur’an and Sunnah, (2) the requirements of istighfār, (3) the religious benefits of istighfār, and (4) its worldly benefits—the research concludes that adherence to this divine command yields wide-ranging forms of well-being. Thus, istighfār is presented as a comprehensive safeguard and a source of enduring human flourishing in both this life and the hereafter.

Abstract

This study addressed the fuel subsidy program and its impact on the general budget of the Libyan state through a standard study covering the period (2006-2024). Data were collected from annual reports issued by state institutions, namely the Audit Bureau, the Ministry of Planning, the Ministry of Finance, and the Economic Bulletin of the Central Bank of Libya. Based on the descriptive analytical approach and the standard quantitative approach, unit root tests, Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) were conducted to determine the degree of stability of the time series of the study variables, where the independent variable represents the size of the support allocated by the state to fuel Subsidies (FS), while the dependent variable represents the general budget balance (GBB). The results of the two tests showed that the two series were stable at the level, i.e. they are integrated from degree zero I (0). Accordingly, the simple linear regression methodology and the Granger causality test were applied to determine the direction of the relationship and the degree of influence of both variables. The study concluded that the value allocated to fuel subsidies had a negative impact on the general budget, which affects the state's ability to allocate available resources to development priorities. Thus, working on reforming the fuel subsidy program would enhance the efficiency of the economy and improve the general budget position.