In an era of accelerating social, political, and intellectual transformations, where questions become more complex than answers become clear, the humanities and social sciences emerge as indispensable fields for understanding humanity within its context. They analyze phenomena not merely as they appear on the surface, but as they are shaped within the depths of history, culture, and social structure. These sciences do not simply describe reality; they strive to deconstruct, critique, and reconstruct it on more conscious and responsible epistemological foundations. This issue of the Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, published by the Libyan Authority for Scientific Research, comes within this intellectual framework, contributing to enriching rigorous scientific debate and emphasizing the importance of systematic academic research in addressing the issues of Libyan and Arab society, free from preconceived notions and grounded in the tools of scientific analysis and objective critique. Since its inception, the journal has been committed to being a peer-reviewed academic platform that provides a space for researchers to present serious studies, employing diverse methodologies and complementing their disciplines. This commitment stems from the belief that understanding human reality cannot be achieved from a single perspective or through a singular approach, but rather through an open intellectual dialogue between history, sociology, philosophy, linguistics, economics, political science, and other branches of human knowledge. As we present this issue to our readers, we emphasize that the true challenge for the humanities lies not in accumulating texts or reproducing ready-made pronouncements, but in their ability to question established assumptions and contribute to building a critical consciousness that keeps pace with transformations and anticipates the future. A society that does not think scientifically about itself remains captive to reactions, unable to actively shape its own destiny. In conclusion, the journal's editorial board hopes that the research published in this issue will open new horizons for research and dialogue, and that it will be a valuable addition to the Libyan and Arab academic library, representing another step towards establishing a culture of serious scientific research as a fundamental pillar of intellectual and societal development.

Abstract

This research, entitled “From the Dungeons of Prison to the Horizons of Poetry,” presents an analytical reading of the poetry collections of the Libyan poet Rashid Al-Zubair Al-Sanousi, written during his imprisonment between 1970 and 1988: From the Cell’s Aperture, Return from the Other World, and Dawn Sweeps Across the Horizon. The study highlights the impact of the prison experience on the poet’s vision and how confinement became a source of creativity and resilience. It employs descriptive and analytical approaches to trace rhetorical images and symbols expressing suffering and hope—such as walls, night, dawn, and the bird—revealing the poet’s journey from pain to liberation. The research concludes that Rashid Al-Zubair’s poetry stands as a human testimony affirming that words can resist chains and that freedom is an idea that cannot be imprisoned.

Abstract

This research examines the legal texts related to the concept of trademarks and unfair competition claims under the provisions of Law No. (23) of 2010 on Libyan commercial activity, in comparison with Egyptian Law No. (82) of 2002 on the protection of intellectual property. The study concludes that there is a legislative gap in the Libyan legal framework, as unfair competition in the field of trademarks is limited to counterfeiting and imitation only. This limitation hinders comprehensive legal protection, since practices such as unauthorized use of others’ trademarks or importing them for commercial purposes also constitute unfair competition and cause similar harm. Unlike Libyan legislation, Egyptian law provides broader protection through general provisions that consider any action contrary to commercial norms and customs as unfair competition, offering greater flexibility. Accordingly, the study recommends that Libyan legislators adopt more comprehensive legal provisions covering a wider range of unfair competition practices to ensure efficient and adaptable legal protection in line with modern commercial challenges.

Abstract

Al-Kufra is classified as one of the geographical regions characterized by an arid climate and extremely low rainfall. However, it has recently experienced repeated precipitation events resulting from the passage of trade winds during summer, as well as clouds forming over the northwestern coast and drifting toward the northeastern coast, allowing some cloud masses to reach southeastern Libya. Accordingly, rainfall in the study area was analyzed over a period exceeding 90 years (1933–2025). The data were divided into three climatic periods and examined as hydrological years to identify rainfall and drought patterns and potential precipitation periods. The results showed that winter had the highest frequency of rainfall events, exceeding one third of the total records. However, frequency does not necessarily reflect total accumulation. In August 2023–2024, the highest daily rainfall reached 56 mm, while total rainfall during that period reached 86.3 mm, nearly double the long-term average. This reflects clear evidence of climate change and its environmental and biological impacts. The study relied on satellite images, maps, rainfall charts, cloud movement tracking, and precipitation data analysis. It emphasizes the importance of establishing additional meteorological stations in southern Libya to improve forecasting accuracy, reduce risks, and potentially revise rainfall-based classifications of arid environments.

Abstract

The crime of sexual harassment is considered one of the complex sexual offenses. The Libyan legislator has criminalized only one form of this crime, namely electronic sexual harassment, under Article (22) of Law No. (5) of 2022, without accurately defining its legal elements. Moreover, the legislator deviated from sound legislative policy by classifying sexual harassment as “harassment of others,” which contradicts its legal meaning under Article (472) of the Penal Code. In addition, it requires special criminal intent, unlike other crimes against honor and public morals, which rely on general criminal intent. Furthermore, sexual harassment was criminalized under a special law, despite being included within existing criminalization models under Article (420 bis), resulting in insufficient legal protection for the protected interest. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to revise the legislative framework governing sexual harassment in Libya to ensure broader and more effective legal protection for victims.

Abstract

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and its integration into software systems have brought transformative benefits to society, while also raising significant ethical concerns. This paper explores the importance of ethical AI and responsible software development in ensuring that technological innovations align with human values and societal well-being. It examines major challenges such as bias, lack of transparency, privacy violations, and environmental impact, highlighting the urgent need for ethical frameworks and best practices in the development and deployment of AI-driven systems. Drawing on existing literature, case studies, and industry guidelines, the study proposes a comprehensive framework for integrating ethical principles into the software development lifecycle (SDLC). The framework emphasizes fairness, transparency, accountability, and sustainability, and offers practical recommendations for developers, organizations, and policymakers. Through this work, the paper contributes to ongoing discussions on ethical AI by promoting a structured approach to responsible software development aimed at fostering trust, inclusivity, and long-term societal benefit.