This issue of the Journal of Social and Human Sciences is published with a rich variety of research and studies covering multiple fields of human knowledge. The topics presented here are significant and worthy of attention, offering intellectual engagement and practical insights into society and its challenges. Within these pages, readers will find studies that examine youth and their concerns, governance and its effects, the state and its priorities, university roles in society, and environmental issues in Libya. Also included are studies on education during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the quality of learning and students’ satisfaction, in addition to research on unemployment and its social consequences. This issue also features research in both Arabic and English, with summaries provided in English to ensure broader accessibility. Other valuable studies address the role of science in society and explore new ideas that enrich academic debate. Through this issue, we renew our commitment to building bridges of communication with researchers, readers, and all those interested in scientific knowledge, ensuring the continuity of scholarly work and the pursuit of scientific excellence.

Abstract

Islam is a great blessing from God, through which humanity was brought out of the darkness of ignorance and disbelief into the light of faith. It established a path based on obedience and the avoidance of all sins, great and small, to achieve complete faith, which is preserved not by doubt but by certainty. This study addresses the topic of takfīr (excommunication), its rulings, and consequences, highlighting the danger of hastily declaring Muslims as disbelievers without evidence—a matter entrusted to qualified scholars. The importance of this topic lies in its sensitivity, the extensive discussion it has received from scholars past and present, and the risks arising from its misuse, particularly in justifying violence against Muslims or creating divisions among them. The study aims to clarify specific rulings of takfīr, explain its serious effects on individuals and societies, and emphasize the need to distinguish between actions or statements that constitute disbelief and those that do not. It also discusses its implications for issues such as inheritance, burial, and other Islamic legal matters. The researcher employed an analytical and comparative approach, reviewing the positions of the four major Sunni schools on matters of takfīr, concluding with the necessity of returning to the Qur’an, Sunnah, and the insights of learned scholars to understand this sensitive issue without exaggeration or neglect.

Abstract

Youth participation in political life represents a critical requirement for Libya in the aftermath of the February 17 orientations, and the obstacles they encounter in engaging with political institutions. It further evaluates the depth of their political awareness, the extent of their involvement, and the issues that most resonate with them. The research highlights that effective youth participation is a decisive factor in ensuring the success of Libya’s democratic transition. Strengthening the principles of citizenship, freedom, and democracy—alongside expanding youth involvement in governance—emerges as an essential foundation for state-building and long-term stability. The findings reveal that Libyan youth demonstrate significant interest in political affairs, particularly in core national issues, yet their aspirations can only be realized through the adoption of a comprehensive policy framework that promotes stability and genuine societal transformation.

Abstract

Public policies in Libya were affected by internal and external factors following the February 17, 2011 revolution, influencing citizens’ lives in political, economic, social, and environmental spheres. This study attempts to evaluate environmental policies after the 2011 events, aiming to identify the key internal determinants that impacted Libya’s environmental policy positively or negatively, as well as the opportunities and challenges posed by external determinants affecting public environmental policy. The study also seeks to examine the legislative and institutional frameworks governing the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of environmental public policy in Libya. Keywords: public policy – environment – internal determinants – external determinants

Abstract

The Tripoli region experiences frequent summer heat waves, an extreme climatic phenomenon with negative economic, environmental, and health impacts. This study analyzes hourly maximum temperature data from Tripoli International Airport (1978–2013) to examine the characteristics and causes of heat waves. Results indicate an average of five waves per year, lasting 3 to 13 days, influenced by physical, dynamic, and chemical factors such as increased solar radiation, pressure systems, and stratosphere-troposphere temperature differences. Heat waves are a significant phenomenon, requiring awareness of their causes and impacts to mitigate damages and adapt effectively.

Abstract

This study aimed to recognize the impact of student satisfaction in Libyan universities during the Corona pandemic duration (COVID-19) on the quality of the performance of the educational process. The study relied on the descriptive approach in describing and analyzing the problem. Given that the study population is considered symmetrical and equal, it goes through the same academic conditions and is subject to one laws and regulations in all Libyan universities, except for some organizational points related to private higher education. The third semester students for the academic year 2021/2022 at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, those affiliated with the group (AN132). They were 450 students, (151) students from the research group were questioned and fully respond to an electronic questionnaire that was prepared for the purpose of collecting data and information. The study reporting the impact of students satisfaction as statistically affecting the quality of the educational process during the pandemic (COVID-19).The results of the study also showed, according to the opinions of the study sample, that changes in the quality of the educational process were caused by students' satisfaction in its various dimensions and in a successive manner (university infrastructure, electronic interaction, evaluation methods, evaluation procedures, precautionary measures). Likewise, in terms of those who had contracted coronavirus disease (covid-19), the proportion of (55.6%) of the total study sample, while the number of those who received at least one vaccination dose reached a rate of 90.7%.The study recommended reconsidering and developing the dilapidated infrastructure, creating educational service facilities at the university, providing appropriate means of explanation for students, raising the level of education and health awareness among university pioneers, especially the students’ category, through awareness lectures, scientific conferences and seminars, in order to consolidate the culture of dealing with crises, and the development of new assessment methods for levels of education. Students, especially in the case of Online study and during periods of crisis.