Abstract

Preserving a nation’s cultural heritage is an imperative, as it represents a cornerstone of identity and a sense of belonging. Architectural heritage forms a significant part of this legacy, often concentrated in historic city centers characterized by distinct urban identities, such as Benghazi’s historic core. These centers are frequently threatened by modern encroachment, particularly when subjected to neglect or destruction. In Benghazi’s case, its historic center suffered extensive damage during the war (2014–2017), creating an urgent need for urban renewal. This necessity grew even stronger in the years following the war, becoming a pressing demand for local authorities. The study argues that urban renewal in such areas must be grounded in heritage preservation, using architectural heritage as a catalyst for sustainable regeneration. Specifically, the paper focuses on the Italian quarter of Benghazi’s historic center, which features buildings and urban elements of significant architectural, historical, and cultural value. Six focal points were selected for analysis: Souq Al-Hout Square, Salt Square, Silphium Square, Cathedral Square, and Al-Shajara Square. The research provides a historical and urban description of these locations and their associated architectural features. A survey was conducted among Benghazi’s residents to assess their perception of these sites, highlighting whether their importance lies in formal or functional aspects within collective memory. Based on the findings, the study proposes urban renewal strategies rooted in the integration of architectural heritage as a driver for sustainable development. Keywords: Architectural Heritage – Urban Renewal – Sustainability – Benghazi City Center.

Abstract

Libya faces a major challenge in reconstructing its cities and various sectors, highlighting the economic importance of investment projects and their role in supporting development. Legislation and legal frameworks governing investment play a key role in creating a suitable environment by shaping proper strategies, establishing essential rules and regulations, and curbing bureaucracy, financial and administrative corruption, and related risks. These measures encourage investment and contribute to reconstruction efforts. This study examines the role of governmental and regional international organizations in Libya’s reconstruction and raises questions regarding their success or failure, as well as the extent of their commitment to contributing to investment, urban, industrial, economic, and human development. It further emphasizes that Libya’s accession to regional and international institutions in the field of investment and development has provided several guarantees protecting investors’ rights and their developmental projects. However, persistent political vacuum, legislative instability, regional interference, poor infrastructure, currency instability, and widespread corruption in state institutions have constituted significant obstacles to the reconstruction of Libya. Keywords: International Institutions – Reconstruction – Investment – Development – Libya.

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the reality of applying governance standards in local municipalities to achieve sustainable development from the perspective of Human Resources Management employees, based on several criteria including justice, transparency, accountability, participation, evaluation, and effectiveness. The study found varying opinions among respondents regarding the application of governance standards, ranging from positive to low levels. The study recommended strengthening the application of positive standards and reviewing the implementation of low-performing standards within the municipalities included in the study. Keywords: Governance – Sustainable Development.